In asking the question “What happens in the process of policy-making the result of which is not intended?”, studies have not tried to find the relevant answer. They have tried to come up with a model to keep policy-making away from plausible risks. Suchresponsescan befoundinvarious conceptual forms. In this study, it is classified under four categories of cohesion policy, the totalitarian government, integration policy, and network ruling. Each concept has examined policy-making from different perspectives in different countries. This study aims to use thes trategy of data-driven theorizing to extract a descriptive hypothesis. A new concept of policy-making has been offered with its definition, typology, and occurrence. The result of the study defines policy-making as the interference of human or non-human factors arising from the native culture leading the top policy-maker not to achieve the intended outcomes. Two varieties of conceptual and procedural gaps are offered. Moreover, two different viewpoints are put forward on the reasons of such a phenomenon. The former discusses the reasons of the gap and the latter discusses the relevant factors. The reasons of policy gapcan be presented in three sections including culture ecology, policy structure and policy-making process. Also, human and non-human factors are known to cause policy gap and forming process of these factors are explained and demonstrated.

Identifying the prevailing social order is the basic core of the long-term policy-making process on development in developing countries so that long-term policies could be designed based on the gradual changing of the social order. Evaluating the success rate of the policies is based on considerations of political economy. While latent social conflicts in policies are considered, losers and winners of policy-makings are identified and compensatory mechanisms for losers are designed in overall context of gradual improvement of social order. Then, methods of organizing policies are considered on the basis of proximate causes (i.e., physical and human investing and technology) and fundamental causes (i.e., institutions, culture and geography) of development. Designing a consistent policy package based on the approach leads to a double balance of economic and political systems and to balanced development and avoids involving in the low-level equilibrium trap and its consequences (including riot, coup and revolution). The article shows that Iranian experiences on development are consistent with this approach.

Economic policies include policy-making in monetary_ banking, financial and commercial aspects. Monetary policies are more important in bank-oriented economies and in this countries, The Government determines other policies based on monetary market policy. The present research is conducted concerningthe challenges of the national economy including inflation growth, price shocks, liquidity growth, bankruptcy of financial institutions and failed projects, with the goal of proposing a model for monetary policy-making process. In this research, an analytical model was designed based on a six-stage policy-making process, and effective organizations and factors were identified after explorative studies and interview with scholars. The Results confirmed the necessity of the existence of 8, 8, 12, 7, 7, 11 organizations in the stages of identification, formulation, approval, implementation, evaluation and modification/ termination of policies, as well as confirmed the effect of 7 internal and 6 external factors on policy-making process.

Governance layers don't succeed in policy making that we can attribute this to inattention to rationalities in policy making process. The aim of this paper is deriving rationalities in whole process. We uses Mixed research methods (thematic analysis – survey), for deriving rationalities and specifying the present and favorite status in attention to this rationalities. . Initial assumption of this research is that there is much difference between attention to this rationalities in present and favorite status. The conclusion of this research indicates that present attention to all of derived rationalities is lower than average but favorite attention to them is upper than average. Also the conclusion indicates that priority of rationalities in present status isn't according to favorite status. So we can know neglect of rationalities in policy making process as one of reason that policies don't succeed in practice.

One of the major roles of governance level in public organizations like ministries is policy making for their sub organizations. Unlikely many of ministries don't achieve their goals, because of neglect of some important stages in policy making. Purpose of this research is suggestion a process model for public organizations policy making by qualitative content analysis. Worth of this paper is on this fact that a model which is considered most aspects of policy making, doesn't exist, and we are tried to cover this deficiency. For this purpose we analyze the content of most of policy making models and 14 depth interviews. Conclusion of this research is a model with four stages including Problem Identification, policy determination, implementation and ex-post evaluation, with sub-stages and relationship between them.

policy making in socials affairs deelares rationality and effort for organizing of society on refrecing of dominant power. One of these aspects is social diversity managing. This article based on integrity of Iranian ethnic groups assumption, considers to process of ethnic policy making in Iran in 1358 – 1384 era. Our finding shows that in this period of time, despite important accompo lishments, Entnic policy making had been affected by security perception of policy makers from domestic and external environment and disorganizing of administration in performance of strategies.

Given the fact that the United States is the most powerful state on the planet, its decisions and policies infl question here is how its decisions are made. Are they the result of internal politics and democratic processes? Or are they devised based on the ideas and judgments of the ruling elite or pressure groups? This article aims to st decision-making in U.S. foreign policy and examining institutions, processes and elements used by interest groups to influence the decision-making system. The authors present a model to show how the U.S. decision formal and informal institutions and how pressure groups can directly influence foreign policy.

Futurology is a new notion which has not been thoroughly conceptualized and the related literature is not rich enough. Any concept is built in the course of its particular history by facing the insuring challenges and affairs. To address any concept, understanding the respective challenges seems to be significant. Futurology has been originated from the incapability of the concept of forecasting knowledge, policy making knowledge and knowledge of strategic management in addressing particular challenges that is why the identification of the challenges contributing to this conceptualization seems necessary. This article, focusing on the historical development of the notion of futurology, addresses the failures in forecasting to answer the upcoming questions; thereby the concept of futurology is also treated. The article, of course, revolves around the notion from organizational and national perspectives. As a conclusion, the article suggests a joint approach to employing these concepts in the process of futurology policy-making in organizations.

Foreign policies are the extension of domestic policies to the international arena and constitute a major part of the public policymaking process. To better understand the factors affecting the international decision-making process, it is essential to identify the role of domestic policies and the extent to which they affect foreign policies. Inspired by institutionalism, most European countries have entrusted a great number of their governance affairs to the European Union (EU). Foreign policies make a major part of these governance affairs. Different public factors and variables affect the foreign policymaking process in EU. These factors influence the policymaking authority in the ratification and enforcement of decisions and policies. This paper introduces and identifies major public non-governmental variables that affect the decision-making process in EU, and answers the question, how important are public variables in the foreign policymaking process and what role do they play? Adopting a desk research methodology, this analytical study investigates the cycle of foreign policymaking with an emphasis on the role NGOs, multinational corporations, media, unions and guilds, think tanks, polling agencies, councils, and parties play in passing and enforcing foreign policies. As powerful democracies, all EU member states possess various active groups of stakeholders/beneficiaries that try different avenues to affect governmental decisions in a multitude of issues. When policies used to be adopted locally or nationally, these groups paid greater attention to the local and national decision-making process; however, they have been focused on international and European scales, especially since the time the decisions and policies started to be adopted across Europe. These groups, which are made up of members from European communities, endeavor to enter major institutions such as the European Commission and the European Parliament, and affect the decisions made by them. In other words, these groups grow and adapt themselves to the new/present state of affairs in keeping with the Europeanization process in the political sphere, which was once reserved for national governments. In conclusion, the paper delves into the current foreign policy issues and problems/crises in EU and shows that public variables number among the most important factors affecting the foreign policymaking process in EU and continue to gain momentum.

The purpose of this study is to present the elements affecting the formation, potential effects and strategies of policy conflict management. To answer the main research question, which is the elements affecting the management of policy conflict in the policy-making process of the Iranian health system? A qualitative approach and Delphi methods and content analysis were used. To implement the Delphi method, the opinions of 13 experts were received in the form of three rounds of questionnaires. The network of general policy conflict management themes was identified with 111 basic themes, 14 organizing themes and 3 comprehensive themes. The research findings were extracted from the Elements of conflict formation including the type of actors, ideological characteristics of the role-makers, performance contexts, environmental characteristics and design of internal elements of the policy. Findings from the effects of conflict including social, process, governance and reflection effects were also identified. Evidence-based decision making, participatory development, deepening transparency, legal regulation and conflict of interest management were also identified as policy conflict management solutions.